Contents Introduction Order of Service for Advent Sunday without Communion Matins (Morning Prayer) Service of the Word Ante-communion Sunday with Communion Worship Appointments (candles, colors, etc.) Paraments and Vestments Advent Wreath Paschal Candle Other Candles Flowers Christmas Tree

Introduction

This page covers matters related to the Season of Advent.

If you have not reviewed the general information on planning liturgy, worship appointments, etc., please do so at our Worship Aids for Pulpit Vacancy page.

Order of Service for Sundays in Advent

For Sundays without Holy Communion

For Sunday mornings when there is no Lord's Supper, three options for liturgy present themselves...

• Matins: a service of morning prayer found in the LBW, pp.131-141. This is an appropriate service to use when no preacher is available. Congregations should not cancel worship for lack of a preacher. Gathering for prayer, the recitation of the psalms, and the reading of Holy Scriptures has long sustained the church in desperate times.
  
• Service of the Word: a less complicated service than Matins found in the LBW, pp.126-130.
  
• Ante-communion: essentially, the Service for Holy Communion without Holy Communion. This was the liturgy commonly used on non-communion Sundays.
  

Matins (Morning Payer)

Presented here is the service of Matins (a.k.a. "morning prayer") keyed to the LBW. The service is appropriate when no preacher is available. It may, however, be used when a preacher is available, following the option for a sermon found in this matrix. Optional elements are highlighted in light blue. Additional information is found in the footnotes (*, †, ‡, **, ††, ‡‡, *** and †††).

* Some congregations my find the liturgical music challenging. The Venite exultemus, Benedictus, and Te Deum are set to psalm tones in the canticles section of the LBW. Additionally, LBW #535 is a hymn paraphrase of the Te Deum.

^† For each psalm, there is an associated psalm prayer. The psalm prayers are found in the "Altar Book" (Lutheran Book of Worship: Ministers Edition and also the Lutheran Book of Worship: Ministers Desk Edition). Locate the required psalm, and you will find the psalm prayer printed immediately below it. The psalm prayer may be omitted. As an alternative to the psalm prayer, one may add the Gloria Patri, at the conclusion of each psalm in one of the two following manners:

        Glory be to the Father, and to the Son and to the Hóly Spirit;*
            as it was in the beginning is now, and will be forevér. Amen.

    or

        Glory be to the Father, and tó the Son*
            and to the Hóly Spirit;
        as it was in the begínning is now,*
            and will be forevér. Amen.

^‡ It is encouraged to include an additional prayer here but not required. Select a collect from any one of the many found in the LBW s.v. "Petitions, Intercessions, and Thanksgivings" (pp.42-53). Rubric #9 indicates several options beyond the offering of a simple collect, but this is much more complicated; consult your interim before taking this option.

** A sermon at Matins is by no means required, the heart of the liturgy being recitation of and meditation upon the psalms. Still, if one is desired, the sequence of offering, hymn, sermon, and sermon prayer is used. After the sermon prayer, the liturgy proceeds immediately to the paschal blessing. Instead of a sermon, a short reading from one of the Patristic writers or a spiritual master may be used; consult you interim for recommendations.

^†† The seasonal invitatory antiphon (p.174) may be used. Admittedly, doing so may confuse a congregation that infrequently uses matins, but, if matins is used somewhat regularly, the seasonal invitatory antiphon will be a welcome seasonal marker. It may be used with Canticle #4.

^‡‡ The office hymn is traditionally one of the hymns appointed for morning. The LBW includes a section, s.v., "Morning," (##264-271) among the hymns. There are, however, other hymns scattered throughout the LBW that are equally appropriate for the office hymn, e.g., #142 which may be used on Easter Sunday, Ascension, and Pentecost. #443 and #465 can be used at any time but also work well for the morning. A hymn other than an office hymn may be used, but some obviously don't work well at Matins, e.g., #272.

*** While the LBW only presents the responsorium breve (brief response), "In many and various ways...," the tradition for both matins and vespers had a fuller responsory appropriate to the day or season. An example of a full responsory is the In manus tuas ("Into your hands...") found in the compline liturgy (p.156). Some mistakenly think that the "response," as it is called in the LBW rubrics, is a time for a sermon, choral anthem, recitation of poetry, etc.. It is not. Use either the provided "In many and various ways..." or use the proper responsory for the day or the season. While proper responsories help highlight the Scripture readings or themes for the day, this may be a level of complexity ill-suited for pulpit vacancy. Consult your interim should you want to avail yourself of this option.

^††† The rubrics state that additional psalms may be employed (as the venite exultemus, Ps. 95, is the first psalm of LBW matins). The number of psalms is discretionary. The template provided already includes one additional psalm, the psalm appointed in the lectionary for the day. The psalms are the heart of the prayer offices, matins being no exception. In the prayer offices, the psalms are the primary presentation of the Word of God. More than being songs of praise rendered by the congregation, they are the center of our holy contemplation. Much could be said about how we might use the recitation of the psalms to our benefit. More psalms is not a bad thing, and a congregation might consider increasing the number of psalms in proportion to the ranking of the day, principal feasts, e.g., Easter, having the most psalms, Sundays in Lent fewer but more than Sundays in ordinary time. We might also note here that antiphons may be employed with the psalms. Those using pericope resources published by the publishing house of the ELCA will have the antiphon (refrain) already printed with the psalm. Other seasonal antiphons can be found in the LBW, pp.174-177.

Service of the Word

Presented here is the Service of the Word keyed to the LBW. Optional elements are highlighted in light blue.

Ante-communion

Presented here is the ante-communion liturgy keyed to the LBW. Employing the ante-communion liturgy is not preferred, but it may be the best option given local conditions. Optional elements are highlighted in light blue.

N.B., There are some modifications that must be made when this service is led by a layperson or a deacon. Those are indicated with footnotes (*, †, and ‡). Additional information is also provided in the footnotes (**).

* Brief Order of Confession and Forgiveness when led by a layperson or deacon: The second absolution formula ("In the mercy of almighty God...") is used, and the sign of the cross is not made over the congregation. Furthermore, the confessional rite is optional when the Sacrament of the Altar is not part of the service.

^† Apostolic Greeting when led by a layperson or deacon: The formula is modified to "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Spirit be with us all."

^‡ Benediction when led by a layperson or deacon: the formula is modified to "The Lord bless us and keep us. The Lord make his face to shine upon us and be gracious to us. The Lord look upon us with favor and give us peace," and the sign of the cross is not made over the congregation.

** Proper verses (for each Sunday and feast) may be found in the propers for the Sunday, s.v., "Gospel Acclamation" (n.b., the term, "verse," was used in the LBW for this short passage from Holy Scripture, the term "Gospel acclamations," referring to the introductory, "Glory to you, O Lord," and closing, "Praise to you, O Christ." One needs to code switch between LBW and ELW). The proper verses can also be found in the "Altar Book" (Lutheran Book of Worship: Ministers Edition and it's "desk edition"), but one must, in ordinary time, check to see if the lessons line up, as there was a change in lectionary after the publication of the LBW. While proper verses help highlight the Scripture readings or themes for the day, this may be a level of complexity ill-suited for pulpit vacancy. Consult your interim should you want to avail yourself of this option.

For Sundays with Holy Communion

The full service of Holy Communion may only be used when a presbyter (pastor) or bishop presides. This chart is keyed to the LBW. Optional elements are highlighted in light blue. Additional information is found in the footnotes (* and †).

* Proper verses (for each Sunday and feast) may be found in the propers for the Sunday, s.v., "Gospel Acclamation" (n.b., the term, "verse," was used in the LBW for this short passage from Holy Scripture, the term "Gospel acclamations," referring to the introductory, "Glory to you, O Lord," and closing, "Praise to you, O Christ." One needs to code switch between LBW and ELW). The proper verses can also be found in the "Altar Book" (Lutheran Book of Worship: Ministers Edition or it's "desk edition"), but one must, in ordinary time, check to see if the lessons line up, as there was a change in lectionary after the publication of the LBW. While proper verses help highlight the Scripture readings or themes for the day, this may be a level of complexity ill-suited for pulpit vacancy. Consult your interim should you want to avail yourself of this option.

^† Proper offertories (for each Sunday and feast) may be found in the "Altar Book" (Lutheran Book of Worship: Ministers Edition and it's "desk edition"), but one must, in ordinary time, check to see if the lessons line up, as there was a change in lectionary after the publication of the LBW. While proper offertories help highlight the Scripture readings or themes for the day, this may be a level of complexity ill-suited for pulpit vacancy. Consult your interim should you want to avail yourself of this option.

Worship Appointments (candles, colors, etc.) for Advent

Paraments and Vestments

There are two different traditions with respect to the color for Sundays of Advent. Both are acceptable:

• Purple tradition: This is the older tradition, predating the LBW. Purple is used for the 1^st, 2^nd, and 4^th Sundays in Advent. The 3^rd Sunday in Advent (Gaudete Sunday) is pink/rose. If the congregation does not have pink/rose paraments/vestments, purple is used on Gaudete.
• Blue tradition: All Sundays of Advent are blue. This is a more recent innovation and not indicated in the rubrics until the introduction of the LBW.

Pr. Wichern's Adventskranz. *

The Advent Wreath

There has long been debate about the origins of the Advent wreath. Some argue for a pre-Christian origin. Others place the beginning point among 16^th-century Germans. Much of the debate upon what exactly we mean by the term, "Advent wreath." The modern Advent wreath, however, is fairly well dated to 1839 and a certain Pr. Johann Hinrich Wichern, administrator of the the Rauhes Haus in Hamburg, Germany. Wichern, being daily pestered by the boys in his orphanage regarding the arrival of Christmas, set up a wagon wheel with candles on it as a way to mark the passage of time for his wards. That wheel not only had candles for each of the Sundays (white) but also for all the weekdays (red). It migrated into the Protestant churches in Germany and eventually beyond. Its place in the sanctuary is relatively recent in terms of church history.

* The image at right is a rendering of Pr. Wichern's Adventzkranz (licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wichern_Adventskranz_originated_from_Germany.jpg). Learn more about Wichern, the Rauhes Haus, and his Adventzkranz at https://www.rauheshaus.de/wir-fuer-sie/adventskranz/.

For those wishing to use an Advent wreath in the sanctuary, the following is offered as advice.

Where to place the wreath

There is no particular place that is designated for the wreath. It should be placed neither on the altar nor on the baptismal font.

When to light the candles

• For services other than vespers: The Advent wreath may be lit well before the corporate worship service of the congregation begins or it may be lit at the time when the other candles are lit for worship. The reverse pattern is followed when extinguishing. While numerous rituals have developed in recent years around the lighting of the Advent wreath, these should be left to home devotions or as devotions for Sunday school, Bible study, fellowship meals/events, or council/committee sessions. They have no reasonable place within the context of the mass or corporate prayer offices. Consequently, they are simply lit with the same solemnity as the other candles are lit.
• For Advent vespers: Since the lucernarium is part of the vespers liturgy, the Advent wreath is lit during the singing of the Phos hilaron ("Joyous light of glory...") as are the other candles in the sanctuary.

Arrangement of candles and sequence of lighting

There are two different arrangements of candles

• Purple tradition: Three purple candles and one pink/rose candle. When using a pink/rose candle, it is lit on Gaudete (3^rd) Sunday of Advent. Consequently, the candle opposite the Gaudete (pink/rose) candle is lit on the 1^st Sunday of Advent.
• Blue tradition: Four blue candles are used.

Except for the use of the Gaudete candle (mentioned above), it really doesn't matter which candle is lit the 1^st Sunday of Advent. Once that first candle is lit, however, it is always the first candle lit throughout the weeks. It does not matter whether one lights clockwise or counterclockwise, but, after a direction has been established, it is followed throughout the season. Do not try to light the candles in alternating fashion in an attempt to get them to burn down evenly. They are a clock and, therefore, should reflect the passage of time. At the end of advent, they may be melted down and new candles made from them, or they may been given away for use by the poor (after giving thanks for their use in the church).

The use of a white candle (as a central fifth candle, sometimes called "The Christ candle") is an exceptionally recent innovation and should be avoided as it is explicitly outside of Advent.

Removing the wreath

The Advent wreath has no place in the Christmas Eve service as Advent is over at that point. It should therefore be removed prior to the Christmas Eve service.

Paschal Candle

The Paschal candle is not lit during Advent except for baptisms and funerals.

The Paschal candle normally stands by the font even when not in use.

When there is a baptism, the Paschal candle is at the font.

When a funeral is held, the Paschal candle is placed at the head of the casket. If the casket is in the sanctuary prior to the service, the Paschal candle is lit when the sanctuary is opened for the service. If there will be a procession with casket, the Paschal Candle may be either carried in procession or set where (or near) the casket will eventually be placed. In the later case, it may be prudent to light the Paschal candle after it and the casket have been set in position.

Other Candles

The lighting and extinguishing of candles for the Sunday morning service is a matter of local custom. Some congregations have rather elaborate rituals for doing so. Others struggle to find acolytes. If lighting and extinguishing the altar candles has become a challenge, a congregation might follow the advice found in the Manual on the Liturgy–Lutheran Book of Worship, lighting the candles well before the service and extinguishing them well after the service, doing so decorously but without pomp and circumstance. This, then, can be done by ushers, the sexton, the altar guild, the pastor, etc. without vesting.

Flowers

Flowers are lovely and a fitting adornment. Flowers, however, should not placed on the mensa (tabletop of the altar). Most non-freestanding altars feature a gradine (a raised shelf at the rear of the altar). Flowers may be placed on the gradine along with altar candles. A freestanding altar (or communion table) poses a challenge to flower placement. If there is an old high altar with gradine in the apse or a reredos with shelves for flowers, the problem is solved. Flower floor stands can be used, or the flowers may be simply set on the floor in the front of the altar as it is faced by the congregation, assuming the pastor presides from the other side. Flowers should not pose a fire hazard in their placement or a tripping hazard.

Christmas Tree

Like the Advent wreath, the Christmas tree was not originally associated with the sanctuary; its place was the home, but it too migrated into the sanctuary, though, again, more recently than most people realize. On one hand, the fact that it is called a "Christmas tree" suggests pretty clearly that it is not appropriate to Advent. On the other hand, keeping the Christmas tree out of the sanctuary until Christmas eve (or, at least, until after the last Advent service) is probably a losing battle. If the Christmas tree is erected during Advent, consider not lighting it until Christmas eve as a way of marking the distinction between the two times and as a way of highlighting the high feast of the Nativity of Our Lord. For discussion of ornamentation, lighting, and removal of the Christmas tree, refer to the "Christmas Tree" section of our Worship Aids for Pastoral Vacancy: Details for Christmas page.